Assessment of Soil Vulnerability Index for surface runoff in Kawal watershed, Bintan island

Abstract The quantity of transformed land cleared after deforestation in the basin demonstrates severity soil erosion on Bintan Island. Deposition eroded material causes eutrophication, blockage, and silting channels water bodies, as well flooding lowlands coasts. Heavy rainfall sparse cover vegetation ravaged structure soil, further preventing it from storing absorbing water, which increased surface runoff had an impact rising rates. goal this study was to evaluate vulnerability class using SVI. SVI is based slope extracted digital elevation model, hydrologic group, erodibility. results classification for mapping susceptibility resulted areas with low criteria 7% (664 ha), medium 14% (1,229 ha) high 79% (7,069 ha). major influences Kawal watershed island appeared be rainfall, type, use, gradient.